Macroeconomically there's no other measure of value than money.
Wealth connects two ideas: ownership and value. Any value can be measured in dollars. If not directly, then through others exchanges the economy produces or consumes. For example, you can't place a monetary value on "free time", but you can express the statistics in the choice Americans make between free time and work time, giving it monetary value.
Wealth, spending power, purchasing power, money, wages, GDP, "how much stuff is in the economy", "less rationing", "outperform", "terms of stuff", "property rights", "good economy" are all defined exactly and completely by a function of monetary value over time. Macro-economically that is.
There's no other macroeconomic models that can give any relevant constrictions on rational behavior, other than assuming money is prevalent and directed.
Here we go into the law terminology of contract. There are so many types of contract that you are not even aware of them.
The traditional, what you have in mind, is someone brings you a piece of paper and you write your name on it. That's formal (both parties are conscious of it ) + symmetric (same for both or all parties involved) + certified (there's the piece of paper and witnesses).
Then there's the informal verbal contract. If you say to your friend Bort "Let me borrow your bike and I'll return it tomorrow morning" in front of witnesses, you will be held liable for your words.
"You should've known" -contract. You will be held liable for your actions if you eat an apple from store. Even though no visible contract has been made, "you should've known" stealing apple is wrong.
"Valid unless negated". Assumed that everyone follows the contract, unless someone specifically says that they opt out of it.
etc etc
So as you might see, you make tens of contracts everyday of varying strength. You were born into citizenship-contract, and live in it until you negate your rights to it.