I would start with the codecademy stuff on html/css/js first so you get a feel for how things work, then go with FCC/Odin for a while. Then you should have a feel for the languages enough to branch out into other tutorials and whatnot.
>JS(jquery,angular,react,popular framworks)-w3schools. eloquent javascript, CC
Eloquent is pretty good. w3s is overall decent, with some outdated stuff. Just be sure to concentrate on learning the fundamentals of vanilla JS before branching out into all the frameworks and shit.
>PHP-w3schools, CC
>SQL-w3schools, CC
>Python- CC, Learn Python the Hard Way,sololearn
>Java(maybe)-CC,sololearn
That's too much. Concentrate on one thing and git gud at it. Don't try to learn every language out there. For backend stuff, go with either Python, Ruby, Java, C#, or PHP. (or Node, but you should already know JS by this point anyway.) They're all good options. Then learn some popular backend frameworks for whatever your chosen language is.
Then, once you have a base understanding of that, learn about databases and SQL and all that. Continue to practice with everything. Once you're an expert at one backend stack, it's a lot easier to transfer to a different one. If you try to learn them all at the same time, you're just going to get burnt out.
Can you recommend any other good resources?
The "How to get started" stuff in the OP
htmldog.com/
MDN
>How plentiful are jobs in NYC?
Plentiful. It's no Si Valley, but it's up there. There are also tons of meetup groups and conferences.
>Is it better to be an "expert" a few languages and branch out from there or should you start with a broad feel?
Most programming languages are very similar in a lot of ways. As a beginner, you should focus on one for a while till you get a feel for it. Once you're pretty good with it, other languages will come a lot easier. Just learn new stuff as you have a need for it.
>Is it even possible to master a language
Of course. It just takes a while.